Engaging local communities is crucial for the success of Extension and outreach programs, and at the core of this engagement are gatekeepers — pivotal figures who facilitate community trust and access. Based on a research study I conducted with several amazing collaborators, we analyzed the dynamics of gatekeeping and their role in harmonizing the efforts of numerous service providers and protecting the wealth of community knowledge. However, the role of gatekeepers can also influence access to different populations within communities. Understanding gatekeepers can help fostering effective, unbiased Extension programs and research. Local Engagement: A Keystone in Extension Programs Gatekeepers preserve community knowledge and coordinate collaboration among service providers. Implementation of a pluralistic, demand-driven extension in countries like Malawi and Kenya has been bolstered by these community leaders. The Balance of Power and Bias Gatekeepers often influence participant selection, introducing potential biases. The authority of gatekeepers, especially when they have vested interests, impacts the objectivity of social science research. Proposing a New Model for Research We developed a model designed to navigate the complexities of conducting research in gatekeeper-influenced contexts. The model emphasizes understanding gatekeeper roles and potential biases, and designing research to minimize these influences. Navigating Gatekeeper Dynamics Strategies to ensure inclusive participation and minimize bias during data collection are critical. The importance of transparent communication with gatekeepers is necessary to safeguard the integrity of the research. Towards a More Robust Research Framework It is important to be purposive and thoughtful when working with gatekeepers across cultural contexts. Transparent methods help to establish integrity, credibility, and rigor within such research. The role of gatekeepers in agricultural research underscores the need for a balance between leveraging their influence and ensuring research integrity. As we work for more inclusive Extension and outreach programs, it is crucial to refine our methodologies and foster transparent relationships with these community members. I've included the full version of the manuscript if you are interested in learning more. Please share you thoughts using the comments section below. Masambuka-Kanchewa F., Lamm, K. W. & Lamm, A. J. (2020). Gate keepers in agricultural extension research: A retrospective analysis. Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education, 27(4), 94-110.

Natural disasters disrupt our food systems and impact lives long after the event has passed. It's important to examine the human side of these events, which not only helps in addressing immediate needs but also aids in healing and growth over time. Appreciative inquiry provides a lens to view potential growth. Food system and Extension professionals play a critical role in this area helping support resilience. In this post I share findings from a study I conducted with an amazing colleague using the posttraumatic growth inventory to analyze what happened in Georgia following hurricane Michael. The Intersection of Human Resilience and Natural Disasters Understanding the impact Natural disasters disrupt supply chains and agricultural production. Long-term effects resonate with communities and individuals. It is essential to acknowledge the emotional aftermath for effective recovery. Role of Appreciative Inquiry Facilitates a positive framework for post-disaster recovery, resilience, and growth. Food system and Extension professionals can leverage this approach. The study found empirical support from the posttraumatic growth inventory. Insights on Posttraumatic Growth Significant Growth Indicators 'Relate to others' scored highly, indicating empathy development. Lower scores in 'appreciation of life' suggest differential growth across areas. Areas with Little Change Many respondents reported no 'new direction in life' or 'new opportunities'. Stability and control are key before individuals can process change. Unique Findings and Practical Application Variances in Response Females reported higher posttraumatic growth across several indices. Gender may influence how events are processed and growth is experienced. Guidance for Food System and Extension Professionals Utilize appreciative inquiry after a period of stabilization. Engage in supportive listening rather than therapeutic advice. Appreciative inquiry can help people post-disaster, suggesting a targeted approach for food system and Extension professionals aiding recovery, resilience, and growth. It emphasizes timely, methodical processes and practical support to improve food systems after disasters. Please be sure to share your thoughts using the comments below! I've included the full manuscript if you are interested in learning more. Powell, A.+, & Lamm, K. W. (2021). Examining posttraumatic growth after a natural disaster: An appreciative inquiry approach. Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education, 28(1), 83-98.

Understanding public attitudes of critical food system issues is necessary for effective communication and decision-making in agricultural sectors. In this post I'm excited to share the results of a research study I conducted with several amazing collaborators into public attitudes toward genetically modified (GM) foods. The results indicate there are several factors, both reason-based and socially motivated which impact individual perceptions. Insights on GM Attitudes: Despite the neutral overall attitude toward GM foods, respondents displayed a willingness to share their opinions within social groups. Contrary to expectations, individuals hesitated to expose themselves to criticism, highlighting the complexity of public decision-making in agriculture. The diffusion characteristics of GM had a notable impact on perceptions, influencing individuals' attitudes and behaviors toward GM foods. Implications for Agricultural and Science Communication: These findings emphasize the need for innovative approaches in research and communication to address evolving societal dynamics. The study underscores the importance of considering perceptions, social norms, emotions, ethics, morals, and politics in agricultural decision-making processes. Further exploration of public attitudes toward GM foods can inform tailored communication strategies to bridge gaps between science and public perception. The complexities identified in public decision-making regarding agricultural and food system issues underscore the need for tailored communication strategies. Such strategies must address a diversity of factors influencing public perceptions, including social norms, emotions, ethics, morals, and politics. It's important to meet the public where they are, acknowledging individual attitudes and beliefs. Adopting innovative, collaborative, and discovery-driven approaches to research and communication can help bridge the gap between scientific solutions and public understanding, fostering informed decision-making. I've included the article below if you would like to learn more. Please be sure to share your thoughts using the comments. Lamm, A. J., Lamm, K. W., Rumble, J. N., Ellis, J. D., & Tidwell, A. (2020). Testing a model to explain how the public makes decisions about genetic modification. Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education, 27(1), 47-63.

Extension services play a pivotal role in the food system around the world, acting as a bridge between researchers, policymakers, and farmers. These services provide essential knowledge, resources, and support to farmers, helping them adopt innovative practices, improve productivity, and address critical issues. By disseminating cutting-edge research findings, offering technical assistance, and facilitating community engagement, extension professionals contribute significantly to sustainable agriculture, rural development, and food security. Their role in empowering farmers with the latest information and skills is crucial for building resilient and thriving agricultural systems. Below I've summarized a case study manuscript I worked on with several amazing colleagues analyzing the history and evolution of the Global Forum for Rural Advisory Services (GFRAS). Through an analysis spanning eight years of annual meetings, the Global Forum for Rural Advisory Services (GFRAS) offers valuable insights into its transformative journey. Each annual gathering marked a significant phase: Emancipation (2010): GFRAS emerged from the Neuchâtel Initiative, striving to establish itself as a global institution advocating for the significance of extension in agricultural development. Consolidation (2011): Regional networks solidified, shaping the institutional landscape of extension worldwide. Positioning (2012): GFRAS focused on defining the role of advisory services within agricultural innovation systems, leading to the development of "The New Extensionist" framework. Broadening (2013): The network expanded its scope beyond the public sector, engaging producer organizations and the private sector in extension efforts. Strengthening (2014-2015): Emphasis on policy development, knowledge sharing, and capacity building reinforced GFRAS's impact across regions. Deepening (2016-2017): GFRAS delved into nontraditional topics like agripreneurship and prioritized inclusion of marginalized groups, intensifying its outreach efforts. Partnering (2018): Collaboration became paramount as GFRAS sought to extend its influence beyond the extension community, forging partnerships to address global agricultural issues. Despite notable progress, challenges persist: Resource Constraints: GFRAS's donor dependency highlights the need for a sustainable funding strategy. Stakeholder Engagement: Attracting diverse stakeholder groups like farmer organizations and the private sector remains a challenge. As extension services adapt to societal shifts, embracing a networked and integrated approach becomes imperative. I've included the original manuscript and a link to the research below if you would like to learn more. Please share your perspectives and contribute using the comments below! Davis, K., Dolly, D., Lamm, A. J., & Lamm, K. W. (2018). The future of extension: A network emergence perspective from the case of the global forum for rural advisory services. Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education, 25(4), 40-51. https://newprairiepress.org/jiaee/vol25/iss4/3/

In the food system, leadership is vital due to the numerous external risks agriculture faces. From unpredictable weather to market fluctuations, effective leaders are essential. However, there remains a lack of tailored leadership development for food system professionals. By providing practical leadership skills for agricultural challenges, it is possible to enhance resilience and drive sustainable growth. The results below are from a study I conducted with several colleagues at the University of Florida. Study Insights: Food system opinion leaders show less optimism and risk-taking than expected. These findings challenge traditional ideas about leadership in the food system community. Knowledgeable opinion leaders tend to be more conservative in their attitudes. Improving Engagement: Customize communication strategies to match the pragmatic outlook of food system opinion leaders. Highlight lower-risk options in proposed initiatives to gain support. Craft messages that respect the cautious nature of knowledgeable opinion leaders. Improving Food System Leadership Development Programs: Include training on optimism and risk-taking in food system leadership programs. Expand the influence of food system leaders beyond industry boundaries. Offer specialized training to help leaders balance caution with effective leadership. Enhancing Future Initiatives: Adapt recruitment and program structures based on food system opinion leader characteristics - who is at the table and why? Keep researching food system opinion leader traits for better leadership programs - what programs attract what audiences? Collaborate with industry partners to implement tailored leadership initiatives - who else can help provide a unique perspective? I've included a version of the research manuscript below if you'd like to learn more. Join the conversation by sharing your thoughts and feedback in the comments below. Lamm, K. W., Lamm, A. J., & Carter, H. S. (2014). Opinion leadership development: context and audience characteristics count. Journal of Agricultural Education, 55(2), 91-105. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2014.02091

In the diverse, interconnected, and expansive food system, conflicts are not just common; they're virtually inevitable. From agricultural production to distribution and policy-making, diverging interests and perspectives often collide, requiring leaders to be skilled in managing conflict. Effective leadership within the food system requires more than just vision and strategy; it demands an understanding of how to navigate conflicting interests, values, and goals. Mismanaged conflicts within the food system can have serious impacts across supply chains, affecting everything from production efficiency to consumer access and environmental sustainability. To address the critical issues facing the food system, leaders must have robust conflict management skills to mitigate tensions, foster collaboration, and drive meaningful change. The results below are from a study evaluating a leadership development program for emerging and established leaders in the Land Grant University System (LGUS), LEAD21. The LEAD21 program focuses on several core competencies, including conflict management. The results provide an empirical assessment of leadership development programs and the potential to improve conflict management skills among leaders in the food system. Importance of Conflict Management in Leadership Effective leadership requires conflict management skills. Leaders are increasingly expected to demonstrate proficiency in managing diverse forms of conflict. Conflict management coaching and mediation processes are very effective in addressing conflict scenarios effectively. Leaders need the skills to classify and engage in a range of conflicts including tasks, processes, status, and relationships. Empirical Insights from LEAD21 The LEAD21 program was effective in increasing conflict management competence among participants using a paired pre-test/post-test assessment. Through active engagement, self-awareness, and skill acquisition, LEAD21 participants experience a significant increase in conflict management capacity. Leadership education initiatives like LEAD21 equip leaders to navigate complex conflict scenarios more effectively. Implications for Leadership Education Integrating conflict management curriculum into agricultural leadership education programs empowers future food system leaders to address conflicts more constructively. Tailored conflict management strategies may also benefit community initiatives and empower agricultural leaders. Strengthening conflict management capacity initiatives complements change leadership education, supporting the development of adaptive leaders in the food system. Looking forward, there's a need to focus on proactive conflict management in leadership education for the food system. Exploring different curricula and approaches and expanding evaluation efforts are crucial. Equipping leaders to anticipate and manage conflicts more effectively has the potential to positively affect the food system more broadly. Please be sure to share your thoughts using the comments below! Lamm, K. W., Sapp, L. R., Lamm, A. J., & Randall, N. L. (2020). A longitudinal evaluation of conflict management capacity building efforts in higher education. Journal of Agricultural Education, 61(3), 75-85. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2020.03075

Evaluation, once viewed as a mere assessment tool, has evolved into a vital process driving program success. However, traditional evaluation approaches often focus on identifying weaknesses, overlooking the celebration of strengths. In international extension education, where innovation and adaptation are paramount, an appreciative approach to evaluation can revolutionize program effectiveness and impact. New Approaches to Evaluation Recognition of the value of innovative approaches in evaluation has grown. Funders and extension professionals now explore diverse evaluation methods, challenging the conventional notion of evaluation as an external process. The shift towards appreciative inquiry emphasizes recognizing program strengths and successes, rather than solely pinpointing areas for improvement. Shifting Focus: Appreciating Success Research suggests that traditional problem-solving approaches in evaluation may not always yield optimal outcomes. Appreciative inquiry directs attention towards understanding and enhancing program effectiveness by appreciating achievements and identifying strengths. By shifting the focus to what works well, evaluators can offer recommendations that leverage existing successes, driving positive change. Application to International Extension Education In the realm of international extension education, the principles of appreciative evaluation hold significant promise. With its emphasis on stakeholder involvement and participatory processes, appreciative inquiry aligns with the collaborative ethos of extension work. By highlighting program strengths and fostering intrinsic motivation, appreciative evaluation can empower volunteers and drive program success. Unveiling Unintended Outcomes One of the key advantages of appreciative evaluation is its ability to uncover unintended outcomes and impacts. In contexts where resources are limited, this approach offers a flexible framework for identifying opportunities for additional investment and course correction. By embracing the dynamic nature of programmatic outcomes, appreciative evaluation fosters adaptability and innovation. In the pursuit of program excellence, international extension educators must embrace innovative evaluation approaches like appreciative inquiry. By celebrating successes, engaging stakeholders, and fostering a culture of continuous improvement, appreciative evaluation has the potential to elevate the impact of extension programs worldwide. Please share your thoughts using the comments below. Lamm, A. J., & Lamm, K. W. (2018). Considering an appreciative approach to international extension evaluation. Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education, 25(4), 74-82. https://newprairiepress.org/jiaee/vol25/iss4/6/

Effective science communication is crucial in bridging the gap between complex research and public understanding. Infographics have emerged as a popular tool for conveying scientific information, yet their effectiveness in communicating agricultural topics, such as genetically modified (GM) foods, remains debated. I was fortunate to be on a research team exploring the impact of static versus animated infographics on consumer recall regarding society's attitude toward GM science. Key Findings: Animation enhanced recall compared to static infographics. However, animation did not significantly alter consumers' perceptions. Political beliefs emerged as a significant moderator, with liberal individuals demonstrating higher recall rates. Challenges in GM Science Communication: There was limited effectiveness of infographics in altering consumer perceptions of GM science. Potential threshold of information sufficiency reached among consumers. Political beliefs influencing recall rates highlight the complexity of science communication. Future Directions: Explore alternative communication strategies beyond infographics. Consider hands-on experiences and two-way communication avenues. Foster informed decision-making among consumers to navigate complexities in agricultural science. Enhancing science communication, particularly in the realm of GM science, requires innovative approaches that go beyond traditional infographic formats. By engaging the public in meaningful dialogue and providing accessible information, we can foster greater understanding and acceptance of innovative technologies in food production. Please be sure to share your thoughts using the comments below! Holt, J. Lamm, A. J., Gibson, K., Lamm, K., Ellis, J., & Rumble, J. (2020). Animating science communication: Measuring U.S. consumers' recall about genetic modification with animated infographics. Journal of Applied Communications, 104(3), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.4148/1051-0834.2327

Understanding public perspectives on environmental issues is crucial in agriculture. Agricultural Best Management Practices (BMPs) play a vital role in environmental conservation, yet many people remain unaware of the strides made by the industry to safeguard our natural resources. Past research has shed light on disparities between agricultural opinion leaders and the general public regarding environmental concerns, but little attention has been paid to variations within the public based on urban, suburban, or rural backgrounds. This study aimed to examine differences amongst such audiences. Key Findings: Significant differences were observed in respondents' perspectives based on their urban, suburban, or rural backgrounds. Urban residents generally held a more positive outlook on agriculture's environmental impact compared to suburban and rural counterparts. Suburban residents displayed a more positive perspective than rural residents, highlighting varying degrees of positivity across different locales. Negative perspectives on agriculture's environmental impact were more pronounced, particularly among urban and suburban residents, indicating the influence of negative framing on public perception. Implications for Agricultural Educators: Tailored outreach efforts are essential to effectively communicate with diverse audiences. Extension educators should develop targeted messaging that resonates with urban, suburban, and rural populations. Framing techniques, such as storytelling, may be effective in eliciting emotional responses and prompting positive changes in public attitudes toward agriculture. This study highlights the need for tailored communication strategies to address varying perspectives on agriculture's environmental impact among urban, suburban, and rural populations. By employing framing techniques like storytelling, extension educators can better bridge the gap between public perception and agricultural reality. Ultimately, fostering a deeper understanding of agriculture's role in environmental conservation is crucial for a sustainable future. Please be sure to share your thoughts and comments below! Gibson, K. E., Lamm, A. J., Lamm, K. W., & Warner, L. A. (2020). Communicating with diverse audiences about sustainable farming: Does rurality matter? Journal of Agricultural Education, 61(4), 156-174. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2020.04156

Navigating the intricacies of Extension networks presents a myriad of challenges. From shifting global demographics to evolving stakeholder needs and resource constraints, the landscape is demanding. But through strategic advocacy, Extension networks can amplify their visibility and support, even amid these challenges. Despite recognizing the potential of advocacy, little research has examined the specific capacities needed for effective advocacy in Extension networks. The following summarizes research I conducted with a team of international Extension experts examining actionable insights to cultivate advocacy capabilities. Our research involved insights from Extension experts through a Delphi panel. However, it's essential to acknowledge that the findings are constrained by the participating experts' viewpoints. It is also important to note, the study was focused on international Extension networks, but the findings may be relevant to other contexts as well. A crucial recommendation coming from this study is for Extension networks to establish a common understanding of advocacy capacities. Shared terminology facilitates improved communication, knowledge sharing, and best practice dissemination. Our findings identified three fundamental capacities that had almost unanimous agreement among experts: Extension networks should have a presence on national platforms or events to enhance visibility. Strong partnerships with policy-making stakeholders are critical for improving Extension network visibility. The ability to articulate stakeholder needs is critical. These capacities underscore the importance of being present, known, and clear - the bedrock of effective advocacy. Further exploration reveals three overarching thematic areas closely aligned with these specific capacities: Visibility is critical, requiring recognition as a representative institution. To this end, participating in stakeholder-rich is very important. Understanding the impact of Extension on clientele gains prominence. Effectively articulating impacts resonates in advocacy efforts. Extension networks should compile both quantitative results and qualitative case studies to support these efforts. Develop compelling communication. Advocacy messages should be packaged succinctly and memorably, highlighting the most impactful elements which align with political and funding priorities. As we navigate a changing landscape, effective advocacy will be critical to ensure the viability and value of Extension networks. By focusing on visibility, impact, and compelling communication, Extension networks can harness advocacy's power to drive transformative change. I've linked the source research manuscript if you would like to read more about this research: Lamm, K. W., Lamm, A. J., Davis, K., & Swaroop, B. J. (2018). Effective advocacy for extension networks: an evaluation of critical capacities. Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education, 25(2), 43-56. What are your thoughts and experiences with advocacy efforts - in Extension or other contexts? Please be sure to share your comments.

Based on a study I conducted with colleagues looking at change in Land Grant University System (LGUS), I thought it would be interesting to share some of our findings. Exploring the initiation, sustainability, and barriers to change, this study provides a unique lens through which to understand successful organizational change processes. Initiation: Catalysts that Drive Change Our study identified that change within the LGUS is often sparked by internal or external needs. These catalysts, are consistently identified in other change models. Surprisingly, the LGUS context also reveals that change can develop organically from a desire to enhance operations, underscoring the importance of internal motivation and commitment. Leadership's Role: Navigating the Start Change often starts at lower LGUS levels, where leaders or change agents enjoy supportive supervision and control. This aligns with the strategy of starting small and nurturing an environment of innovation. Success Essentials: Intent and Communication Key conditions for successful change encompass intentionality, effective communication, respect, and dedicated effort. This echoes the need to establish urgency and open channels of communication in higher education, fostering collaboration. Overcoming Obstacles: Inertia and Vision Gaps Bureaucratic inertia emerges as a significant barrier to change in LGUS. Clear vision is crucial, emphasizing the importance of communicating it effectively to ensure commitment. The Human Factor: People and Relationships Sustaining change in LGUS hinges on relationships, a powerful driver for success. This highlights the significance of collective efforts in sustaining change initiatives. Sustaining Momentum: Relevance and Communication Sustained LGUS change is linked to relevance and incremental growth. Ongoing communication and consistency play vital roles, ensuring integration into the organizational fabric. In Conclusion: Paving the Path of Change The LGUS study unveils insights for navigating change. From catalysts to relationships, the findings offer a unique perspective on organizational change. Clear communication, strategic intent, and overcoming inertia are pivotal. The LGUS context provides lessons for diverse organizations embarking on transformative journeys. Our proposed organizational change model... For more information and details, I've linked the full manuscript below: Lamm, K. W., Sapp, L. R., & Lamm, A. J. (2018). Organizational change in the land-grant system: A qualitative evaluation. Journal of Agricultural Education, 59(1), 204-222. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2018.01204 What are your thoughts about, and experiences with organizational change? Please be sure to provide your comments below!

This time of year students are returning to schools and campuses, and classes will be underway soon. I thought this would be a good time to share some of my previous research examining the tricky task of getting learners to direct their learning process on their own. We're all familiar with the idea of setting goals, something that's been studied extensively. But what about undergraduate students studying leadership? That's an area that hasn't been explored much. Especially when it comes to a class focused on leading groups and teams. This research was conducted to better understand how students go about setting their goals. Turns out, goals that students set for themselves are more meaningful and they're more likely to stick to them. This is compared to goals set by someone else. You could say that when it's their own idea, students are more motivated to persist toward those goals. Now, let's talk personality. Everyone's got their own traits that make them who they are. In this study, we looked at how personality might affect goal-setting. The findings were interesting. Across different classes examined, the personalities of students were consistent. Extraversion, which is about being outgoing, didn't score so high. This was surprising because in other research, being extroverted was connected to doing well on the job. On the other hand, being agreeable was a big hit. Students who scored high in agreeableness were more likely to set high goals for themselves. This suggests that educators may want to emphasize teamwork skills related to trust and being nice, as these could help students set and work towards their goals (and align with their agreeable nature). Earl Nightingale famously said, "People with goals succeed because they know where they're going". This study isn't just a bunch of numbers – it has real-world applications directly related to this concept. Educators can use this information to help students set their own goals. For example, a good idea might be to ask students to write down what grades they want at the start of a course. Research shows that students who do this are more likely to work hard and stick with their goals. Looking at the bigger picture, this study adds a piece to the puzzle of how personality and goal setting are connected. While there is still much research needed, this small connection may be helpful. Personality traits like being organized and being nice have a role in how students set their goals. This can help educators understand their students better and help them succeed. Of course it is important to acknowledge there are limits to this study. It focused on a specific group of students in one place. So, it might not apply to all students everywhere. More research is needed to know how personality and goal setting connect in different situations. So, in the world of education, where educators and learners work together, this study is a starting point, and a guide. It gives educators practical ideas to make learning more engaging and meaningful. Personality and goal setting – these two things, like two puzzle pieces, fit together to create a clearer picture of how students can succeed. To read more, I've included the original article for download. Lamm, K. W., Sheikh, E., & Edgar, D. W. (2019). Evaluating personality traits as a predictor of undergraduate goal setting. Journal of Agricultural Education, 60(2), 126-139. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2019.02126 What other tips and tricks do you have for increasing learner goal setting? Please be sure to share your comments!